Puesta al día sobre transfusión masiva
Palabras clave:
HEMORRAGIA, TRANSFUSIÓN SANGUÍNEA, TRANSFUSIÓN MASIVA, PROTOCOLO DE TRANSFUSIÓN MASIVA, RESUCITACIÓN, HEMOSTASIS, SANGRE TOTAL, HEMODERIVADOS, PROTOCOLOS CLÍNICOS, REANIMACIÓN DE CONTROL DE DAÑOS
Resumen
La transfusión masiva plantea desafíos clínicos, organizacionales y logísticos para el personal de la salud en general y los servicios de Medicina Transfusional en particular. No existe una definición universalmente aceptada de transfusión masiva, las definiciones más comúnmente utilizadas se basan en el número de unidades de sangre administradas dentro de un cierto período de tiempo. La mayoría de los eventos de transfusión masiva ocurren en el contexto de hemorragias graves en pacientes quirúrgicos, politraumatizados, con hemorragia gastrointestinal u obstétrica. La reanimación de control de daños y los protocolos de transfusión masiva son las estrategias más utilizadas actualmente para el tratamiento inicial, seguidas de un tratamiento personalizado, dirigido por objetivos, mediante la monitorización de la coagulación en tiempo real mediante estudios viscoelásticos. Existen una serie de controversias alrededor del tratamiento óptimo, incluyendo el uso de sangre total, la relación de hemocomponentes a utilizar, el uso de concentrados de factores de la coagulación, y la indicación óptima del ácido tranexámico. El estudio de los productos ideales para el tratamiento de los pacientes con sangrado masivo se ha convertido en un área de gran interés de la investigación científica. El contexto clínico en el que ocurrió el evento hemorrágico, el número de hemocomponentes transfundidos, la edad del paciente y las comorbilidades son los predictores más importantes de la sobrevida a corto y largo plazo. Esta revisión narrativa explora el estado actual del conocimiento sobre la transfusión masiva, así como los avances que podemos esperar en el futuro cercano.
Citas
1) Rose AH, Kotzé A, Doolan D, Norfolk DR, Bellamy MC. Massive transfusion-- evaluation of current clinical practice and outcome in two large teaching hospital trusts in Northern England. Vox Sang 2009; 97(3):247-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2009.01198.x.
2) Halmin M, Chiesa F, Vasan SK, Wikman A, Norda R, Rostgaard K, et al. Epidemiology of massive transfusion: a binational study from Sweden and Denmark. Crit Care Med 2016; 44(3):468-77. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001410.
3) McQuilten ZK, Flint AW, Green L, Sanderson B, Winearls J, Wood EM. Epidemiology of massive transfusion - a common intervention in need of a definition. Transfus Med Rev 2021; 35(4):73-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2021.08.006.
4) Savage SA, Sumislawski JJ, Zarzaur BL, Dutton WP, Croce MA, Fabian TC. The new metric to define large-volume hemorrhage: results of a prospective study of the critical administration threshold. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015; 78(2):224-30. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000000502.
5) Rahbar E, Fox EE, del Junco DJ, Harvin JA, Holcomb JB, Wade CE, et al. Early resuscitation intensity as a surrogate for bleeding severity and early mortality in the PROMMTT study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 75(1 Suppl 1):S16-23. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31828fa535.
6) Hu P, Uhlich R, Black J, Jansen JO, Kerby J, Holcomb JB. A new definition for massive transfusion in the modern era of whole blood resuscitation. Transfusion 2021; 61(Suppl 1):S252-S263. doi: 10.1111/trf.16453.
7) Joint United Kingdom (UK) Blood Transfusion and Tissue Transplantation Services Professional Advisory Committee. Transfusion Handbook/ 7.3: Transfusion management of major haemorrhage. 2018. Disponible en: https://www.transfusionguidelines.org/transfusion-handbook/7-effective-transfusion-in-surgery-and-critical-care/7-3-transfusion-management-of-major-haemorrhage.pdf [Consulta: 26 setiembre 2022].
8) Flint AWJ, McQuilten ZK, Wood EM. Massive transfusions for critical bleeding: is everything old new again? Transfus Med 2018; 28(2):140-9. doi: 10.1111/tme.12524.
9) Ruseckaite R, McQuilten Z, Oldroyd J, Richter T, Cameron P, Isbister J, et al. Descriptive characteristics and in-hospital mortality of critically bleeding patients requiring massive transfusion: results from the Australian and New Zealand massive transfusion registry. Vox Sang 2017; 112(3):240-8. doi: 10.1111/vox.12487.
10) Zatta AJ, McQuilten ZK, Mitra B, Roxby DJ, Sinha R, Whitehead S, et al. Massive Transfusion Registry Steering. Elucidating the clinical characteristics of patients captured using different definitions of massive transfusion. Vox Sang 2014; 107(1):60-70. doi: 10.1111/vox.12121.
11) Dzik WS, Ziman A, Cohn C, Pai M, Lozano M, Kaufman RM, et al. Survival after ultramassive transfusion: a review of 1360 cases. Transfusion 2016; 56(3):558-63. doi: 10.1111/trf.13370.
12) Thomasson RR, Yazer MH, Gorham JD, Dunbar NM. International assessment of massive transfusion protocol contents and indications for activation. Transfusion 2019; 59(5):1637-43. doi: 10.1111/trf.15149.
13) Gipson JS, Wood EM, Cole-Sinclair MF, McQuilten Z, Waters N, Woodford NW. Major haemorrhage fatalities in the Australian national coronial database. Emerg Med Australas 2018; 30(3):382-8. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.12915.
14) Hoffman M, Monroe DM 3rd. A cell-based model of hemostasis. Thromb Haemost 2001; 85(6):958-65.
15) Ditzel RM, Anderson JL, Eisenhar WJ, Rankin CJ, DeFeo DR, Oak S, et al. A review of transfusion- and trauma-induced hypocalcemia: Is it time to change the lethal triad to the lethal diamond? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 88(3):434-9. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000002570.
16) Giancanrelli A, Birrer KL, Alban RF, Hobbs BP, Liu-DeRyke X. Hypocalcemia in trauma patients receiving massive transfusion. J Surg Res 2016; 202(1):182-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.12.036.
17) MacKay EJ, Stubna MD, Holena DN, Reilly PM, Seamon MJ, Seamon MJ, et al. Abnormal calcium levels during trauma resuscitation are associated with increased mortality, increased blood product use, and greater hospital resource consumption: a pilot investigation. Anesth Analg 2017; 125(3):895-901. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002312.
18) Giannoudi M, Harwood P. Damage control resuscitation: lessons learned. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2016; 42(3):273-82. doi:10.1007/s00068-015-0628-3.
19) Leibner E, Andreae M, Galvagno SM, Scalea T. Damage control resuscitation. Clin Exp Emerg Med 2020; 7(1):5-13. doi: 10.15441/ceem.19.089.
20) Shrestha B, Holcomb JB, Camp EA, Del Junco DJ, Cotton BA, Albarado R, et al. Damage-control resuscitation increases successful nonoperative management rates and survival after severe blunt liver injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015; 78(2):336-41. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000000514.
21) Kalkwarf KJ, Cotton BA. Resuscitation for hypovolemic shock. Surg Clin North Am 2017; 97(6):1307-21. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2017.07.011.
22) Spinella PC, Cap AP. Whole blood: back to the future. Curr Opin Hematol 2016; 23(6):536-42. doi: 10.1097/MOH.0000000000000284.
23) Chang R, Holcomb JB. Optimal fluid therapy for traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Clin 2017; 33(1):15-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08.007.
24) Consunji R, Elseed A, El-Menyar A, Sathian B, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H, et al. The effect of massive transfusion protocol implementation on the survival of trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Transfus 2020; 18(6):434-45. doi: 10.2450/2020.0065-20.
25) Cole E, Weaver A, Gall L, West A, Nevin D, Tallach R, et al. A dec-ade of damage control resuscitation: new transfusion practice, new sur-vivors, new directions. Ann Surg 2021; 273(6):1215-20. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003657.
26) Hunt BJ, Allard S, Keeling D, Norfolk D, Stanworth SJ, Pendry K. A practical guideline for the haematological management of major haemorrhage. Br J Haematol 2015; 170(6):788-803. doi: 10.1111/bjh.13580.
27) Nessen SC, Eastridge BJ, Cronk D, Craig RM, Berséus O, Ellison R, et al. Fresh whole blood use by forward surgical teams in Afghanistan is associated with improved survival compared to component therapy without platelets. Transfusion 2013; 53(Suppl 1):107S–113S. doi: 10.1111/trf.12044.
28) Chipman AM, Jenne C, Wu F, Kozar RA. Contemporary resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock: What will the future hold? Am J Surg 2020; 220(3):580-8. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.05.008.
29) Hazelton JP, Ssentongo AE, Oh JS, Ssentongo P, Seamon MJ, Byrne JP, et al. Use of cold-stored whole blood is associated with improved mortality in hemostatic resuscitation of major bleeding: a multicenter study. Ann Surg 2022; 276(4):579-88. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000005603.
30) Brill JB, Tang B, Hatton G, Mueck KM, McCoy CC, Kao LS, et al. Impact of incorporating whole blood into hemorrhagic shock resuscitation: analysis of 1,377 consecutive trauma patients receiving emergency-release uncrossmatched blood products. J Am Coll Surg 2022; 234(4):408-18. doi: 10.1097/XCS.0000000000000086.
31) Hanna K, Bible L, Chehab M, Asmar S, Douglas M, Ditillo M, et al. Nationwide analysis of whole blood hemostatic resuscitation in civilian trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 89(2):329-35. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000002753.
32) Llau JV, Acosta FJ, Escolar G, Fernández-Mondéjar E, Guasch E, Marco P, et al. Documento multidisciplinar de consenso sobre el manejo de la hemorragia masiva (document HEMOMAS). Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2016; 63(1):e1-e22. doi: 10.1016/j.redar.2015.11.002.
33) Carson JL, Guyatt G, Heddle NM, Grossman BJ, Cohn CS, Fung MK, et al. Clinical practice guidelines from the AABB: red blood cell transfusion thresholds and storage. JAMA 2016; 316(19):2025-35. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.9185.
34) Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V, Duranteau J, Filipescu D, Hunt BJ, et al. The european guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: fifth edition. Crit Care 2019; 23(1):98. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2347-3.
35) Abuzeid AM, O'Keeffe T. Review of massive transfusion protocols in the injured, bleeding patient. Curr Opin Crit Care 2019; 25(6):661-7. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000668.
36) Estcourt LJ, Birchall J, Allard S, Bassey SJ, Hersey P, Kerr JP, et al. Guidelines for the use of platelet transfusions. Br J Haematol 2017; 176(3):365-94. doi: 10.1111/bjh.14423.
37) Liumbruno G, Bennardello F, Lattanzio A, Piccoli P, Rossetti G. Recommendations for the transfusion of plasma and platelets. Blood Transfus 2009; 7(2):132-50. doi: 10.2450/2009.0005-09.
38) Milford EM, Reade MC. Comprehensive review of platelet storage methods for use in the treatment of active hemorrhage. Transfusion 2016; 56(Suppl 2):S140–S148. doi: 10.1111/trf.13504.
39) Apelseth TO, Cap AP, Spinella PC, Hervig T, Strandenes G. Cold stored platelets in treatment of bleeding. VOXS 2017; 12:488-95. doi: 10.1111/voxs.12380.
40) Zhao H, Devine DV. The missing pieces to the cold-stored platelet puzzle. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23(3):1100. doi: 10.3390/ijms23031100.
41) Borgman MA, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, Grathwohl KW, Repine T, Beekley AC, et al. The ratio of blood products transfused affects mortality in patients receiving massive transfusions at a combat support hospital. J Trauma 2007; 63(4):805-13. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181271ba3.
42) Holcomb JB, Tilley BC, Baraniuk S, Fox EE, Wade CE, Podbielski JM, et al. Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 ratio and mortality in patients with severe trauma: the PROPPR randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015; 313(5):471-82. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.12.
43) McQuilten ZK, Crighton G, Brunskill S, Morison JK, Richter TH, Waters N, et al. Optimal dose, timing and ratio of blood products in massive transfusion: results from a systematic review. Transfus Med Rev 2018; 32(1):6-15. doi: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2017.06.003.
44) Hiippala ST, Myllyla GJ, Vahtera EM. Hemostatic factors and replacement of major blood loss with plasma-poor red cell concentrates. Anesth Analg 1995; 81(2):360-5. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199508000-00026.
45) Charbit B, Mandelbrot L, Samain E, Baron G, Haddaoui B, Keita H, et al. The decrease of fibrinogen is an early predictor of the severity of postpartum hemorrhage. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5(2):266-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02297.x.
46) McQuilten ZK, Wood EM, Bailey M, Cameron PA, Cooper DJ. Fibrinogen is an independent predictor of mortality in major trauma patients: a five-year statewide cohort study. Injury 2017; 48(5):1074-81. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2016.11.021.
47) Ponschab M, Schöchl H, Gabriel C, Süssner S, Cadamuro J, Haschke-Becher E, et al. Haemostatic profile of reconstituted blood in a proposed 1:1:1 ratio of packed red blood cells, platelet concentrate and four different plasma preparations. Anaesthesia 2015; 70(5):528-36. doi: 10.1111/anae.13067.
48) Bocci MG, Nardi G, Veronesi G, Rondinelli MB, Palma A, Fiore V, et al. Early coagulation support protocol: a valid approach in real-life management of major trauma patients. Results from two Italian centres. Injury 2019; 50(10):1671-77. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2019.09.032.
49) Nardi G, Agostini V, Rondinelli B, Russo E, Bastianini B, Bini G, et al. Trauma-induced coagulopathy: impact of the early coagulation support protocol on blood product consumption, mortality and costs. Crit Care 2015; 19(1):83. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0817-9.
50) Van den Brink DP, Wirtz MR, Neto AS, Schöchl H, Viersen V, Binnekade J, et al. Effectiveness of prothrombin complex concentrate for the treatment of bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18(10):2457-67. doi: 10.1111/jth.14991.
51) Napolitano LM. Hemostatic defects in massive transfusion: an update and treatment recommendations. Expert Rev Hematol 2021; 14(2):219-39. doi: 10.1080/17474086.2021.1858788.
52) Hagemo JS, Christiaans SC, Stanworth SJ, Brohi K, Johansson PI, Goslings JC, et al. Detection of acute traumatic coagulopathy and massive transfusion requirements by means of rotational thromboelastometry: an international prospective validation study. Crit Care 2015; 19(1):97. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0823-y.
53) Deppe AC, Weber C, Zimmermann J, Kuhn EW, Slottosch I, Liakopoulos OJ, et al. Point-of-care thromboelastography/thromboelastometry-based coagulation management in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of 8332 patients. J Surg Res 2016; 203(2):424-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.03.008.
54) Walsh M, Moore EE, Moore HB, Thomas S, Kwaan HC, Speybroeck J, et al. Whole blood, fixed ratio, or goal-directed blood component therapy for the initial resuscitation of severely hemorrhaging trauma patients: a narrative review. J Clin Med 2021; 10(2):320. doi: 10.3390/jcm10020320.
55) Moore EE, Moore HB, Chapman MP, Gonzalez E, Sauaia A. Goal-directed hemostatic resuscitation for trauma induced coagulopathy: maintaining homeostasis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2018; 84(Suppl 1):S35–S40. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000001797.
56) Tapia NM, Chang A, Norman M, Welsh F, Scott B, Wall MJ Jr, et al. TEG-guided resuscitation is superior to standardized MTP resuscitation in massively transfused penetrating trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 74(2):378-85. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31827e20e0.
57) Howley IW, Haut ER, Jacobs L, Morrison JJ, Scalea TM. Is thromboelastography (TEG)-based resuscitation better than empirical 1:1 transfusion?. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2018; 3(1):e000140. doi:10.1136/tsaco-2017-000140.
58) Kozek-Langenecker SA, Ahmed AB, Afshari A, Albaladejo P, Aldecoa C, Barauskas G, et al. Management of severe perioperative bleeding: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology: first update 2016. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2017; 34(6):332-95. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000630.
59) Johansson PI. Goal-directed hemostatic resuscitation for massively bleeding patients: the Copenhagen concept. Transfus Apher Sci 2010; 43(3):401-5. doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2010.09.002.
60) Johansson PI, Stensballe J, Oliveri R, Wade CE, Ostrowski SR, Holcomb JB. How I treat patients with massive hemorrhage. Blood 2014; 124(20):3052-8. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-575340.
61) Shakur H, Roberts I, Bautista R, Caballero J, Coats T, Dewan Y, et al. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 376(9734):23-32. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60835-5.
62) Meizoso JP, Dudaryk R, Mulder MB, Ray JJ, Karcutskie CA, Eidelson SA, et al. Increased risk of fibrinolysis shutdown among severely injured trauma patients receiving tranexamic acid. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2018; 84(3):426-32. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000001792.
63) Moore EE, Moore HB, Gonzalez E, Sauaia A, Banerjee A, Silliman CC. Rationale for the selective administration of tranexamic acid to inhibit ibrinolysis in the severely injured patient. Transfusion 2016; 56(Suppl 2): S110–S114. doi: 10.1111/trf.13486.
64) Nunez TC, Voskresensky IV, Dossett LA, Shinall R, Dutton WD, Cotton BA, et al. Early prediction of massive transfusion in trauma: simple as ABC (assessment of blood consumption)?. J Trauma 2009; 66(2):346-52. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181961c35.
65) Cotton BA, Dossett LA, Haut ER, Shafi S, Nunez TC, Au BK, et al. Multicenter validation of a simplified score to predict massive transfusion in trauma. J Trauma 2010; 69(Suppl 1):S33-S39. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e42411.
66) Hazelton JP, Cannon JW, Zatorski C, Roman JS, Moore SA, Young AJ, et al. Cold-stored whole blood: a better method of trauma resuscitation? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2019; 87(5):1035-41. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000002471.
67) Shea SM, Staudt AM, Thomas KA, Schuerer D, Mielke JE, Folkerts D, et al. The use of low-titer group O whole blood is independently associated with improved survival compared to component therapy in adults with severe traumatic hemorrhage. Transfusion 2020; 60(Suppl 3):S2-S9. doi: 10.1111/trf.15696.
68) Delgado F, Machado W, Machado G. Prevención y manejo del sangrado en cirugía cardíaca. Rev Urug Cardiol 2020; 35(3):234-74. doi: 10.29277/cardio.35.3.16.
69) Rando K, Vázquez M, Cerviño G, Zuninic G. Hipocalcemia, hiperpotasemia y hemorragia masiva en el trasplante de hígado. Rev Colomb Anestesiol 2014; 42(3):214-9. doi: 10.1016/j.rca.2014.03.002.
70) Zunini-Fernández G, Rando-Huluk K, Martínez- Pelayo FJ, Castillo-Trevizo AL. Transfusión masiva y manejo del paciente traumatizado: enfoque fisiopatológico del tratamiento. Cir Cir 2011; 79(5):473-80.
71) Rodríguez A, Cerviño G, Silveira A, Rodríguez I. Técnicas y medidas tendientes a disminuir el sangrado y el consumo de hemocomponentes en trasplante hepático. Evaluación de los primeros dos años de la Unidad Bi-Institucional de Trasplante Hepático en la especialidad Medicina Transfusional y Hemoterapia. Rev Méd Urug 2016; 32(1):8-18. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.edu.uy/pdf/rmu/v32n1/v32n1a02.pdf [Consulta: 26 octubre 2022].
72) Grille P, Herrerin A, Verga F. Coagulopatía asociada al trauma en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Rev Méd Urug 2021; 37(4):e205. doi: 10.29193/rmu.37.4.5.
73) Rando K, Mojoli M. Sangrado masivo en obstetricia. Estrategias de tratamiento. Salud Mil 2017; 36(2):50-6. doi:10.35954/SM2017.36.2.7.
74) Bertucci S. Manejo anestésico de la hemorragia obstétrica postparto. Anest Analg Reanim 2014; 27(1):5. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.edu.uy/pdf/aar/v27n1/v27n1a05.pdf [Consulta: 26 octubre 2022].
75) Pérez Facio A, Cítera JM. Hemorragia posparto. En: Fernández A. Manejo de la embarazada crítica y potencialmente grave. Montevideo: Cuadrado, 2021. Módulo III.
76) Calvo SM. Transfusión masiva. En: Calvo SM. Principios de hemoterapia en el paciente grave. Montevideo: Cuadrado, 2014:433-86. Cap.13.
77) Uruguay. Universidad de la República, Hospital de Clínicas. Protocolo de transfusión masiva del Hospital de Clínicas. Disponible en: http://www.clinicas.hc.edu.uy/images/protocolo_codigo_rojo_2019.pdf [Consulta: 19 enero 2023].
78) Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, Hospital de la Mujer "Dra. Paulina Luisi", Departamento Médico Obstétrico, Maternidad “Augusto Tourenne”. Protocolos clínicos en la Maternidad. Disponible en: https://www.asse.com.uy/aucdocumento.aspx?10956,72532 [Consulta: 19 enero 2023].
79) WOMAN Trial Collaborators. Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2017; 389(10084):2105-16. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30638-4.
80) CRYOSTAT-2. A multi-centre, randomised controlled trial evaluating the effects of early high-dose cryoprecipitate in adult patients with major trauma haemorrhage requiring major haemorrhage protocol (MHP) activation. Disponible en: https://cryostat2.co.uk/ [Consulta: 24 setiembre 2022].
81) Dishong D, Sperry JL, Spinella PC, Triulzi DJ, Yazer MH. Administration of blood products in the prehospital setting can decrease trauma patient mortality. Transfusion 2022; 62:725-7. doi: 10.1111/trf.16848.
2) Halmin M, Chiesa F, Vasan SK, Wikman A, Norda R, Rostgaard K, et al. Epidemiology of massive transfusion: a binational study from Sweden and Denmark. Crit Care Med 2016; 44(3):468-77. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001410.
3) McQuilten ZK, Flint AW, Green L, Sanderson B, Winearls J, Wood EM. Epidemiology of massive transfusion - a common intervention in need of a definition. Transfus Med Rev 2021; 35(4):73-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2021.08.006.
4) Savage SA, Sumislawski JJ, Zarzaur BL, Dutton WP, Croce MA, Fabian TC. The new metric to define large-volume hemorrhage: results of a prospective study of the critical administration threshold. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015; 78(2):224-30. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000000502.
5) Rahbar E, Fox EE, del Junco DJ, Harvin JA, Holcomb JB, Wade CE, et al. Early resuscitation intensity as a surrogate for bleeding severity and early mortality in the PROMMTT study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 75(1 Suppl 1):S16-23. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31828fa535.
6) Hu P, Uhlich R, Black J, Jansen JO, Kerby J, Holcomb JB. A new definition for massive transfusion in the modern era of whole blood resuscitation. Transfusion 2021; 61(Suppl 1):S252-S263. doi: 10.1111/trf.16453.
7) Joint United Kingdom (UK) Blood Transfusion and Tissue Transplantation Services Professional Advisory Committee. Transfusion Handbook/ 7.3: Transfusion management of major haemorrhage. 2018. Disponible en: https://www.transfusionguidelines.org/transfusion-handbook/7-effective-transfusion-in-surgery-and-critical-care/7-3-transfusion-management-of-major-haemorrhage.pdf [Consulta: 26 setiembre 2022].
8) Flint AWJ, McQuilten ZK, Wood EM. Massive transfusions for critical bleeding: is everything old new again? Transfus Med 2018; 28(2):140-9. doi: 10.1111/tme.12524.
9) Ruseckaite R, McQuilten Z, Oldroyd J, Richter T, Cameron P, Isbister J, et al. Descriptive characteristics and in-hospital mortality of critically bleeding patients requiring massive transfusion: results from the Australian and New Zealand massive transfusion registry. Vox Sang 2017; 112(3):240-8. doi: 10.1111/vox.12487.
10) Zatta AJ, McQuilten ZK, Mitra B, Roxby DJ, Sinha R, Whitehead S, et al. Massive Transfusion Registry Steering. Elucidating the clinical characteristics of patients captured using different definitions of massive transfusion. Vox Sang 2014; 107(1):60-70. doi: 10.1111/vox.12121.
11) Dzik WS, Ziman A, Cohn C, Pai M, Lozano M, Kaufman RM, et al. Survival after ultramassive transfusion: a review of 1360 cases. Transfusion 2016; 56(3):558-63. doi: 10.1111/trf.13370.
12) Thomasson RR, Yazer MH, Gorham JD, Dunbar NM. International assessment of massive transfusion protocol contents and indications for activation. Transfusion 2019; 59(5):1637-43. doi: 10.1111/trf.15149.
13) Gipson JS, Wood EM, Cole-Sinclair MF, McQuilten Z, Waters N, Woodford NW. Major haemorrhage fatalities in the Australian national coronial database. Emerg Med Australas 2018; 30(3):382-8. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.12915.
14) Hoffman M, Monroe DM 3rd. A cell-based model of hemostasis. Thromb Haemost 2001; 85(6):958-65.
15) Ditzel RM, Anderson JL, Eisenhar WJ, Rankin CJ, DeFeo DR, Oak S, et al. A review of transfusion- and trauma-induced hypocalcemia: Is it time to change the lethal triad to the lethal diamond? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 88(3):434-9. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000002570.
16) Giancanrelli A, Birrer KL, Alban RF, Hobbs BP, Liu-DeRyke X. Hypocalcemia in trauma patients receiving massive transfusion. J Surg Res 2016; 202(1):182-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.12.036.
17) MacKay EJ, Stubna MD, Holena DN, Reilly PM, Seamon MJ, Seamon MJ, et al. Abnormal calcium levels during trauma resuscitation are associated with increased mortality, increased blood product use, and greater hospital resource consumption: a pilot investigation. Anesth Analg 2017; 125(3):895-901. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002312.
18) Giannoudi M, Harwood P. Damage control resuscitation: lessons learned. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2016; 42(3):273-82. doi:10.1007/s00068-015-0628-3.
19) Leibner E, Andreae M, Galvagno SM, Scalea T. Damage control resuscitation. Clin Exp Emerg Med 2020; 7(1):5-13. doi: 10.15441/ceem.19.089.
20) Shrestha B, Holcomb JB, Camp EA, Del Junco DJ, Cotton BA, Albarado R, et al. Damage-control resuscitation increases successful nonoperative management rates and survival after severe blunt liver injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015; 78(2):336-41. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000000514.
21) Kalkwarf KJ, Cotton BA. Resuscitation for hypovolemic shock. Surg Clin North Am 2017; 97(6):1307-21. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2017.07.011.
22) Spinella PC, Cap AP. Whole blood: back to the future. Curr Opin Hematol 2016; 23(6):536-42. doi: 10.1097/MOH.0000000000000284.
23) Chang R, Holcomb JB. Optimal fluid therapy for traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Clin 2017; 33(1):15-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08.007.
24) Consunji R, Elseed A, El-Menyar A, Sathian B, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H, et al. The effect of massive transfusion protocol implementation on the survival of trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Transfus 2020; 18(6):434-45. doi: 10.2450/2020.0065-20.
25) Cole E, Weaver A, Gall L, West A, Nevin D, Tallach R, et al. A dec-ade of damage control resuscitation: new transfusion practice, new sur-vivors, new directions. Ann Surg 2021; 273(6):1215-20. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003657.
26) Hunt BJ, Allard S, Keeling D, Norfolk D, Stanworth SJ, Pendry K. A practical guideline for the haematological management of major haemorrhage. Br J Haematol 2015; 170(6):788-803. doi: 10.1111/bjh.13580.
27) Nessen SC, Eastridge BJ, Cronk D, Craig RM, Berséus O, Ellison R, et al. Fresh whole blood use by forward surgical teams in Afghanistan is associated with improved survival compared to component therapy without platelets. Transfusion 2013; 53(Suppl 1):107S–113S. doi: 10.1111/trf.12044.
28) Chipman AM, Jenne C, Wu F, Kozar RA. Contemporary resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock: What will the future hold? Am J Surg 2020; 220(3):580-8. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.05.008.
29) Hazelton JP, Ssentongo AE, Oh JS, Ssentongo P, Seamon MJ, Byrne JP, et al. Use of cold-stored whole blood is associated with improved mortality in hemostatic resuscitation of major bleeding: a multicenter study. Ann Surg 2022; 276(4):579-88. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000005603.
30) Brill JB, Tang B, Hatton G, Mueck KM, McCoy CC, Kao LS, et al. Impact of incorporating whole blood into hemorrhagic shock resuscitation: analysis of 1,377 consecutive trauma patients receiving emergency-release uncrossmatched blood products. J Am Coll Surg 2022; 234(4):408-18. doi: 10.1097/XCS.0000000000000086.
31) Hanna K, Bible L, Chehab M, Asmar S, Douglas M, Ditillo M, et al. Nationwide analysis of whole blood hemostatic resuscitation in civilian trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 89(2):329-35. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000002753.
32) Llau JV, Acosta FJ, Escolar G, Fernández-Mondéjar E, Guasch E, Marco P, et al. Documento multidisciplinar de consenso sobre el manejo de la hemorragia masiva (document HEMOMAS). Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2016; 63(1):e1-e22. doi: 10.1016/j.redar.2015.11.002.
33) Carson JL, Guyatt G, Heddle NM, Grossman BJ, Cohn CS, Fung MK, et al. Clinical practice guidelines from the AABB: red blood cell transfusion thresholds and storage. JAMA 2016; 316(19):2025-35. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.9185.
34) Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V, Duranteau J, Filipescu D, Hunt BJ, et al. The european guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: fifth edition. Crit Care 2019; 23(1):98. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2347-3.
35) Abuzeid AM, O'Keeffe T. Review of massive transfusion protocols in the injured, bleeding patient. Curr Opin Crit Care 2019; 25(6):661-7. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000668.
36) Estcourt LJ, Birchall J, Allard S, Bassey SJ, Hersey P, Kerr JP, et al. Guidelines for the use of platelet transfusions. Br J Haematol 2017; 176(3):365-94. doi: 10.1111/bjh.14423.
37) Liumbruno G, Bennardello F, Lattanzio A, Piccoli P, Rossetti G. Recommendations for the transfusion of plasma and platelets. Blood Transfus 2009; 7(2):132-50. doi: 10.2450/2009.0005-09.
38) Milford EM, Reade MC. Comprehensive review of platelet storage methods for use in the treatment of active hemorrhage. Transfusion 2016; 56(Suppl 2):S140–S148. doi: 10.1111/trf.13504.
39) Apelseth TO, Cap AP, Spinella PC, Hervig T, Strandenes G. Cold stored platelets in treatment of bleeding. VOXS 2017; 12:488-95. doi: 10.1111/voxs.12380.
40) Zhao H, Devine DV. The missing pieces to the cold-stored platelet puzzle. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23(3):1100. doi: 10.3390/ijms23031100.
41) Borgman MA, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, Grathwohl KW, Repine T, Beekley AC, et al. The ratio of blood products transfused affects mortality in patients receiving massive transfusions at a combat support hospital. J Trauma 2007; 63(4):805-13. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181271ba3.
42) Holcomb JB, Tilley BC, Baraniuk S, Fox EE, Wade CE, Podbielski JM, et al. Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 ratio and mortality in patients with severe trauma: the PROPPR randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015; 313(5):471-82. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.12.
43) McQuilten ZK, Crighton G, Brunskill S, Morison JK, Richter TH, Waters N, et al. Optimal dose, timing and ratio of blood products in massive transfusion: results from a systematic review. Transfus Med Rev 2018; 32(1):6-15. doi: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2017.06.003.
44) Hiippala ST, Myllyla GJ, Vahtera EM. Hemostatic factors and replacement of major blood loss with plasma-poor red cell concentrates. Anesth Analg 1995; 81(2):360-5. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199508000-00026.
45) Charbit B, Mandelbrot L, Samain E, Baron G, Haddaoui B, Keita H, et al. The decrease of fibrinogen is an early predictor of the severity of postpartum hemorrhage. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5(2):266-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02297.x.
46) McQuilten ZK, Wood EM, Bailey M, Cameron PA, Cooper DJ. Fibrinogen is an independent predictor of mortality in major trauma patients: a five-year statewide cohort study. Injury 2017; 48(5):1074-81. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2016.11.021.
47) Ponschab M, Schöchl H, Gabriel C, Süssner S, Cadamuro J, Haschke-Becher E, et al. Haemostatic profile of reconstituted blood in a proposed 1:1:1 ratio of packed red blood cells, platelet concentrate and four different plasma preparations. Anaesthesia 2015; 70(5):528-36. doi: 10.1111/anae.13067.
48) Bocci MG, Nardi G, Veronesi G, Rondinelli MB, Palma A, Fiore V, et al. Early coagulation support protocol: a valid approach in real-life management of major trauma patients. Results from two Italian centres. Injury 2019; 50(10):1671-77. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2019.09.032.
49) Nardi G, Agostini V, Rondinelli B, Russo E, Bastianini B, Bini G, et al. Trauma-induced coagulopathy: impact of the early coagulation support protocol on blood product consumption, mortality and costs. Crit Care 2015; 19(1):83. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0817-9.
50) Van den Brink DP, Wirtz MR, Neto AS, Schöchl H, Viersen V, Binnekade J, et al. Effectiveness of prothrombin complex concentrate for the treatment of bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18(10):2457-67. doi: 10.1111/jth.14991.
51) Napolitano LM. Hemostatic defects in massive transfusion: an update and treatment recommendations. Expert Rev Hematol 2021; 14(2):219-39. doi: 10.1080/17474086.2021.1858788.
52) Hagemo JS, Christiaans SC, Stanworth SJ, Brohi K, Johansson PI, Goslings JC, et al. Detection of acute traumatic coagulopathy and massive transfusion requirements by means of rotational thromboelastometry: an international prospective validation study. Crit Care 2015; 19(1):97. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0823-y.
53) Deppe AC, Weber C, Zimmermann J, Kuhn EW, Slottosch I, Liakopoulos OJ, et al. Point-of-care thromboelastography/thromboelastometry-based coagulation management in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of 8332 patients. J Surg Res 2016; 203(2):424-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.03.008.
54) Walsh M, Moore EE, Moore HB, Thomas S, Kwaan HC, Speybroeck J, et al. Whole blood, fixed ratio, or goal-directed blood component therapy for the initial resuscitation of severely hemorrhaging trauma patients: a narrative review. J Clin Med 2021; 10(2):320. doi: 10.3390/jcm10020320.
55) Moore EE, Moore HB, Chapman MP, Gonzalez E, Sauaia A. Goal-directed hemostatic resuscitation for trauma induced coagulopathy: maintaining homeostasis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2018; 84(Suppl 1):S35–S40. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000001797.
56) Tapia NM, Chang A, Norman M, Welsh F, Scott B, Wall MJ Jr, et al. TEG-guided resuscitation is superior to standardized MTP resuscitation in massively transfused penetrating trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 74(2):378-85. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31827e20e0.
57) Howley IW, Haut ER, Jacobs L, Morrison JJ, Scalea TM. Is thromboelastography (TEG)-based resuscitation better than empirical 1:1 transfusion?. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2018; 3(1):e000140. doi:10.1136/tsaco-2017-000140.
58) Kozek-Langenecker SA, Ahmed AB, Afshari A, Albaladejo P, Aldecoa C, Barauskas G, et al. Management of severe perioperative bleeding: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology: first update 2016. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2017; 34(6):332-95. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000630.
59) Johansson PI. Goal-directed hemostatic resuscitation for massively bleeding patients: the Copenhagen concept. Transfus Apher Sci 2010; 43(3):401-5. doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2010.09.002.
60) Johansson PI, Stensballe J, Oliveri R, Wade CE, Ostrowski SR, Holcomb JB. How I treat patients with massive hemorrhage. Blood 2014; 124(20):3052-8. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-575340.
61) Shakur H, Roberts I, Bautista R, Caballero J, Coats T, Dewan Y, et al. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 376(9734):23-32. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60835-5.
62) Meizoso JP, Dudaryk R, Mulder MB, Ray JJ, Karcutskie CA, Eidelson SA, et al. Increased risk of fibrinolysis shutdown among severely injured trauma patients receiving tranexamic acid. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2018; 84(3):426-32. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000001792.
63) Moore EE, Moore HB, Gonzalez E, Sauaia A, Banerjee A, Silliman CC. Rationale for the selective administration of tranexamic acid to inhibit ibrinolysis in the severely injured patient. Transfusion 2016; 56(Suppl 2): S110–S114. doi: 10.1111/trf.13486.
64) Nunez TC, Voskresensky IV, Dossett LA, Shinall R, Dutton WD, Cotton BA, et al. Early prediction of massive transfusion in trauma: simple as ABC (assessment of blood consumption)?. J Trauma 2009; 66(2):346-52. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181961c35.
65) Cotton BA, Dossett LA, Haut ER, Shafi S, Nunez TC, Au BK, et al. Multicenter validation of a simplified score to predict massive transfusion in trauma. J Trauma 2010; 69(Suppl 1):S33-S39. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e42411.
66) Hazelton JP, Cannon JW, Zatorski C, Roman JS, Moore SA, Young AJ, et al. Cold-stored whole blood: a better method of trauma resuscitation? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2019; 87(5):1035-41. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000002471.
67) Shea SM, Staudt AM, Thomas KA, Schuerer D, Mielke JE, Folkerts D, et al. The use of low-titer group O whole blood is independently associated with improved survival compared to component therapy in adults with severe traumatic hemorrhage. Transfusion 2020; 60(Suppl 3):S2-S9. doi: 10.1111/trf.15696.
68) Delgado F, Machado W, Machado G. Prevención y manejo del sangrado en cirugía cardíaca. Rev Urug Cardiol 2020; 35(3):234-74. doi: 10.29277/cardio.35.3.16.
69) Rando K, Vázquez M, Cerviño G, Zuninic G. Hipocalcemia, hiperpotasemia y hemorragia masiva en el trasplante de hígado. Rev Colomb Anestesiol 2014; 42(3):214-9. doi: 10.1016/j.rca.2014.03.002.
70) Zunini-Fernández G, Rando-Huluk K, Martínez- Pelayo FJ, Castillo-Trevizo AL. Transfusión masiva y manejo del paciente traumatizado: enfoque fisiopatológico del tratamiento. Cir Cir 2011; 79(5):473-80.
71) Rodríguez A, Cerviño G, Silveira A, Rodríguez I. Técnicas y medidas tendientes a disminuir el sangrado y el consumo de hemocomponentes en trasplante hepático. Evaluación de los primeros dos años de la Unidad Bi-Institucional de Trasplante Hepático en la especialidad Medicina Transfusional y Hemoterapia. Rev Méd Urug 2016; 32(1):8-18. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.edu.uy/pdf/rmu/v32n1/v32n1a02.pdf [Consulta: 26 octubre 2022].
72) Grille P, Herrerin A, Verga F. Coagulopatía asociada al trauma en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Rev Méd Urug 2021; 37(4):e205. doi: 10.29193/rmu.37.4.5.
73) Rando K, Mojoli M. Sangrado masivo en obstetricia. Estrategias de tratamiento. Salud Mil 2017; 36(2):50-6. doi:10.35954/SM2017.36.2.7.
74) Bertucci S. Manejo anestésico de la hemorragia obstétrica postparto. Anest Analg Reanim 2014; 27(1):5. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.edu.uy/pdf/aar/v27n1/v27n1a05.pdf [Consulta: 26 octubre 2022].
75) Pérez Facio A, Cítera JM. Hemorragia posparto. En: Fernández A. Manejo de la embarazada crítica y potencialmente grave. Montevideo: Cuadrado, 2021. Módulo III.
76) Calvo SM. Transfusión masiva. En: Calvo SM. Principios de hemoterapia en el paciente grave. Montevideo: Cuadrado, 2014:433-86. Cap.13.
77) Uruguay. Universidad de la República, Hospital de Clínicas. Protocolo de transfusión masiva del Hospital de Clínicas. Disponible en: http://www.clinicas.hc.edu.uy/images/protocolo_codigo_rojo_2019.pdf [Consulta: 19 enero 2023].
78) Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, Hospital de la Mujer "Dra. Paulina Luisi", Departamento Médico Obstétrico, Maternidad “Augusto Tourenne”. Protocolos clínicos en la Maternidad. Disponible en: https://www.asse.com.uy/aucdocumento.aspx?10956,72532 [Consulta: 19 enero 2023].
79) WOMAN Trial Collaborators. Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2017; 389(10084):2105-16. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30638-4.
80) CRYOSTAT-2. A multi-centre, randomised controlled trial evaluating the effects of early high-dose cryoprecipitate in adult patients with major trauma haemorrhage requiring major haemorrhage protocol (MHP) activation. Disponible en: https://cryostat2.co.uk/ [Consulta: 24 setiembre 2022].
81) Dishong D, Sperry JL, Spinella PC, Triulzi DJ, Yazer MH. Administration of blood products in the prehospital setting can decrease trauma patient mortality. Transfusion 2022; 62:725-7. doi: 10.1111/trf.16848.
Publicado
2023-05-31
Cómo citar
1.
Berro M. Puesta al día sobre transfusión masiva. Rev. Méd. Urug. [Internet]. 31 de mayo de 2023 [citado 20 de abril de 2024];39(2):e401. Disponible en: http://www2.rmu.org.uy/ojsrmu311/index.php/rmu/article/view/1030
Sección
Trabajos de Revisión o Actualización y Puestas al día
