Complicaciones y mortalidad de la cirugía de resección pulmonar en unidades de medicina intensiva
Resumen
Objetivo: describir la frecuencia de complicaciones y mortalidad posoperatorias en una serie de pacientes sometidos a cirugía de resección pulmonar programada que ingresaron a unidades de cuidado intensivo (UCI) en el posoperatorio inmediato. Material y método: estudio observacional, retrospectivo, multicéntrico, realizado entre los años 2009 y 2010 en cuatro centros de Montevideo. Se incluyeron 148 pacientes, se analizaron variables demográficas, antecedentes personales, indicación y procedimiento quirúrgico, complicaciones, estancia en UCI y mortalidad. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo, bivariado y multivariado, se tomó significativo un intervalo de confianza de 95% y un valor de p < 0,05. Resultados: la mortalidad cruda posoperatoria durante la estancia en la UCI fue de 10,1%. La incidencia de complicaciones posoperatorias fue de 53,3%, siendo la mediana de la estancia en la unidad de tres días con un rango intercuartílico de 3. Las principales complicaciones fueron pulmonares, pleurales y cardiovasculares. La mortalidad fue mayor en resecciones pulmonares extensas, pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y en los que presentaron complicaciones respiratorias y cardiovasculares. La principal causa de muerte fue la sepsis grave. El desarrollo de sepsis grave (OR 12,9 IC95%, 5,95-21,24 p <0,001) y la necesidad de asistencia respiratoria mecánica (ARM) (OR 3,7 IC95%, 1,80-8,93 p = 0,001) fueron factores de riesgo independiente asociados a mortalidad. Conclusiones: la morbimortalidad posoperatoria durante la estancia en UCI es elevada. Las principales complicaciones son respiratorias y cardiovasculares. El desarrollo de sepsis grave y la necesidad de ARM fueron factores independientes asociados a mayor mortalidad.
Citas
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