Cigarrillo electrónico y otros sistemas electrónicos de liberación de nicotina
revisión de evidencias sobre un tema controversial
Palabras clave:
CIGARRILLO ELECTRÓNICO, VAPEO, SISTEMAS ELECTRÓNICOS DE LIBERACIÓN DE NICOTINA, TABAQUISMO, CESE DEL HÁBITO DE FUMAR
Resumen
Introducción: los cigarrillos electrónicos (CE) son sistemas que liberan aerosol conteniendo nicotina y otras sustancias. Desde su aparición han generado una gran controversia en la comunidad científica dedicada al control de tabaco, existiendo evidencias que los posicionan como una alternativa de tratamiento para la cesación tabáquica y otros estudios que muestran sus daños a la salud, así como convertirlos en la puerta de entrada a los jóvenes a la adicción a nicotina.
Objetivo: recopilar evidencia disponible sobre CE con referencia a componentes, riesgos para la salud, cesación de tabaquismo, impacto poblacional y aspectos normativos y regulatorios.
Método: revisión narrativa. Se realizó búsqueda bibliográfica en bases PubMed, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Redalyc, SciELO, LiLACS, Dialnet, ScienceDirect, así como en documentos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, sociedades científicas, sitios web dedicados a consumidores y legislación nacional e internacional.
Resultados: se revisaron 130 documentos, de los cuales se toman los 63 más relevantes. Existen evidencias científicas sobre contenidos tóxicos y carcinógenos en líquidos y aerosoles de los CE, así como de daño a la salud cardiovascular y respiratoria. Se presentan estudios controversiales sobre su eficacia para dejar de fumar. Se presenta evidencia acerca de cómo los CE impactan negativamente en la iniciación de jóvenes al consumo y en la recaída de exfumadores. Se analiza la normativa nacional e internacional para regular los CE.
Conclusiones: los profesionales de la salud no deben aconsejar el uso de CE, dado que no son seguros y exponen a los consumidores y a la población en general de los efectos deletéreos directos e indirectos de los CE.
Citas
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(30) Bullen C, Howe C, Laugesen M, McRobbie H, Parag V, Williman J, et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2013; 382(9905):1629-37.
(31) Caponnetto P, Campagna D, Cibella F, Morjaria JB, Caruso M, Russo C, et al. EffiCiency and Safety of an eLectronic cigAreTte (ECLAT) as tobacco cigarettes substitute: a prospective 12-month randomized control design study. PLoS One 2013; 8(6):1-12.
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(33) Tseng TY, Ostroff JS, Campo A, Gerard M, Kirchner T, Rotrosen J, et al. A randomized trial comparing the effect of nicotine versus placebo electronic cigarettes on smoking reduction among young adult smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18(10):1937-43.
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(35) Halpern SD, Harhay MO, Saulsgiver K, Brophy C, Troxel AB, Volpp KG. A pragmatic trial of e-cigarettes, incentives, and drugs for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 2018; 378(24):2302-10.
(36) Hajek P, Phillips-Waller A, Przulj D, Pesola F, Myers Smith K, Bisal N, et al. A randomized trial of e-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med 2019; 380(7):629-37.
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(38) Klonizakis M, Crank H, Gumber A, Brose LS. Smokers making a quit attempt using e-cigarettes with or without nicotine or prescription nicotine replacement therapy: impact on cardiovascular function (ISME-NRT)-a study protocol. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1):293.
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Cómo citar
1.
Llambí L, Rodríguez D, Soto E, Parodi C. Cigarrillo electrónico y otros sistemas electrónicos de liberación de nicotina. Rev. Méd. Urug. [Internet]. 1 [citado 27 de diciembre de 2024];36(1):59-3. Disponible en: http://www2.rmu.org.uy/ojsrmu311/index.php/rmu/article/view/502
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Trabajos de Revisión o Actualización y Puestas al día
