La Illumination of the surgical field in general surgery
Keywords:
GENERAL SURGERY, LIGHTING, OPERATING ROOMS
Abstract
Towards 1880, surgery conquered the deepest areas in the human body, and thus the problem of illuminating them well arose. Operating rooms were placed in spots where they would receive more sunlight, windows and skylights were built and sources of artificial light were installed - although none of this was a solution.
In 1919, Louis Verain designed an electric lamp that projected a beam of homogeneous light, intense and with attenuated shadows named scialitic lamp. It was the paradigm of surgery illumination for sixty years and it influenced changes in hospital design.
In spite of the fact that in 1806 Bozzini started performing endoscopy under candle light, in 1875 Nitze had designed a self-illuminated cytoscope and in 1910 internists and gastroenterologists introduced endocopes in the serous cavities for diagnostic purposes, it was not until the 1960s that Kart Semm became interested in these technological progress to apply them to gynecology. He added therapeutic uses to them and in 1980 they spread out to be used in most surgeries, what resulted in minimally invasive surgical procedures. Today it uses instruments that comprise modern illumination technology (external cold light sources and fibre optic beams conducting light) and sources of indirect sight (rod lenses associated to video micro-cameras with charge-coupled devices or CCD) that enable illumination and visualization of the surgical field a lot more clearly than with the classic laparotomies.
References
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(30) Vilardell F. Digestive endoscopy in the second millenium: from lichtleiter to echoendoscopy. Madrid: Aula Médica, 2006. Disponible en: http://books.google.com.uy/books?id= bu1l1yS156oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Digestive+ Endoscopy+in+the+second+millenium&hl=es&ei= iHAcTs6SLOLq0gGvpfTGBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct= result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Consulta: 3 diciembre 2009.
(31) Zucker KA. Surgical Laparoscopy. St Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, 1991.
(32) Verger-Kuhnke AB, Reuter MA, Beccaria ML. La biografía de Philipp Bozzini (1773-1809) un idealista de la endoscopia. Actas Urol Esp 2007; 31(5): 437-44.
(33) Peña MA. Una breve historia de la invención del espejillo laríngeo y del espejo frontal. Rev Otorrinolaringol Cir Cabeza Cuello 2008; 68(1): 91-4.
(34) Rizzi, M. Invención del espejillo laríngeo. An Otorrinolaringol Urug 1986; 52(1): 11-2.
(35) Willemot J. Naissance et dévelopement de l' otorhinolaryngologie dans l'histoire de la médicine. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 1981; 35(Suppl 3): 393-1044.
(36) Verger-Kuhnke AB, Beccaría ML. La biografía de Maximilian Nitze (1848-1906) y su contribución a la urología. Actas Urol Esp 2007; 31(7): 697-704.
(37) Hecht J. City of light: the story of fiber optics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
(38) Morgenstern L. Harold Hopkins (1818-1995): "Let there be light...". Surg Innov 2004; 11(4): 291-2.
(39) Hatzinger M, Kwon ST, Langbein S, Kamp S, Häcker A, Alken P. Hans Christian Jacobaeus: inventor of human laparoscopy and thoracoscopy. J Endourol 2006; 20(11): 848-50.
(40) Kehlet H. Surgical stress response: does endoscopic surgery confer an advantage? World J Surg 1999; 23(8): 801-7.
(2) Kompanje EJ. A remarkable case in the history of obstetrical surgery: a laparotomy performed by the Dutch surgeon Abraham Cyprianus in 1694. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 118(1): 119-23.
(3) Sabiston DC Jr. Presidental address: major contributions to surgery from the South. Ann Surg 1975; 181(5): 487-507.
(4) Graham H. Historia de la cirugía. Barcelona: Iberia, 1942.
(5) Gil Pérez JI. La obra de Cayetano Garviso (1807- post.1871): cirujano vasco-navarro liberal en América. Barcelona: Seminari Pere Mata. Universitat de Barcelona, 2001.
(6) Mañé Garzón F. Primer curso de fisiología experimental dictado por Claude Bernard: Vilardebó primer médico uruguayo. Montevideo: Fundación Beisso Fleurquin, 1989.
(7) Massachusetts General Hospital. The Ether Dome: the restoration of an icon. Disponible en: http://neurosurgery.mgh. harvard.edu/history/restore.htm. Consulta: 12 diciembre 2009.
(8) Guy's Hospital. The old Operating Theater: details of the oldest emergency room in Britain. Disponible en: http://www.thegarret.org.uk/oot.htm. Consulta: 12 diciembre 2009.
(9) Costantini HJ. L'éclairage des salles d'opérations. In: Vérain L. Le scialytique de Vérain. Communication présentée au Groupe Algérien de la Société des Ingénieurs Civils de France. Creusot-Loire: Biblioteca de la Société des Ingénieurs Civils, 1951: 3-5.
(10) 10. Philadelphia Museum of Art. Thomas Eakins's The Gross Clinic. Disponible en: http://www.philamuseum.org/research/22-398-561-450.html. Consulta: 22 diciembre 2009.
(11) Museé d'Orsay. Henri Gervex: avant l'opération dit aussi Le Docteur Péan enseignant à l'hôpital Saint-Louis sa découverte du pincement des vaisseaux Disponible en: http://www.musee-orsay.fr/es/colecciones/obras-comentadas/pintura/commentaire_id/before-the-operation-3074.html?tx_ commentaire_pi1[pidLi]=509&tx_commentaire_pi1[from]=841 &cHash= 7f9941d09e. Consulta: 20 diciembre 2009.
(12) University of Pennsylvania. Medical Class of 1889: commissioning of Thomas Eakins to paint "The Agnew Clinic". Disponible en: http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1800s/1889med/agnewclinic.html. Consulta: 22 diciembre 2009.
(13) New York University. School of Medicine. Seligmann, AF. Theodor Billroth Operating (Billroth im Hörsaal). Disponible en: http://litmed.med.nyu.edu/Annotation?action= view&annid=10332. Consulta: 20 noviembre 2009.
(14) Salcman M. Ernst von Bergmann performs a brain operation by Franz Skarbina. Neurosurgery 1996; 38(6): 1254-5.
(15) Collect Medical Antiques. Operation using ether for anesthesia in the operating room of the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston (1847). Disponibe en: http://collectmedicalantiques.com/gallery/anesthesia-and-asepsis. Consulta: 9 setiembre 2009.
(16) The Alan Mason Chesney. Medical Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. Disponible en: http://www. medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/. Consulta: 30 octubre 2009.
(17) Fototeca (foto de 1921) de la Bibiloteca y del Departamento de Historia de la Medicina de la Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de la República. Uruguay.
(18) Campbell D. El desierto de cristal: viajes de un naturalista a la Antártida. Buenos Aires: Emecé, 1996.
(19) Ilin M. Historia del alumbrado y del automóvil. Montevideo: Pueblos Unidos, 1946.
(20) Kassel D. Des apothicaires dans leur siècle, le XVIIIe. Disponible en: http://www.ordre.pharmacien.fr/upload/Syntheses/99.PDF. Consulta: 14 setiembre 2009.
(21) Yerguin D. La historia del petróleo. Buenos Aires: Javier Vergara, 1991.
(22) Lister Sutcliffe G. The principles and practice of modern house construction: chapter 3. Gas Burners. London: Blackie & Son, 1900. Disponible en: http://chestofbooks.com/architecture/House-Construction/Chapter-III-Gas-Burners.html. Consulta: 18 setiembre 2009.
(23) Williams B. A History of Light and Lighting. Disponible en: http://www.mts.net/~william5/history/hol.htm. Consulta: 28 setiembre 2009.
(24) Dreyer F. Histoire de l'hôpital. L'éclairage des salles d'opération aux XIXe et XXe siècles: l'apparition du scialytique. Disponible en: http://www.insitu.culture.fr/pdf/dreyer-1198.pdf. Consulta: 10 setiembre 2009.
(25) Neidhardt A, Neidhardt M. Genèse du bloc opératoire Saint-Joseph ou l'alliance de la lumière et de l'antisepsie. Disponible en: http://www.chu-besancon.fr/museum/Histoire/cinquantenaire/lumiere_antiseptie.htm. Consulta: 13 setiembre 2009.
(26) Howell J, Schroeder H. History of the incandescent lamp. New York: The Maqua Company, 1927. Disponible en: http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofincande00howe/historyofincande00howe_djvu.txt. Consulta: 10 noviembre 2009.
(27) Alex Peck Medical. Antiques Archives. A c. 1900 photograph of the operating theater at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. Disponible en: http://antiquescientifica.com/photo_ operating_theater_Jefferson_Medical_College_c._1900.jp.jpg. Consulta: 20 marzo 2010.
(28) Verain L. La naissance du Scialytique. Communication présentée au Groupe Algérien de la Société des Ingénieurs Civils de France. Creusot-Loire: Biblioteca de la Société des Ingénieurs Civils, 1951: 6-12.
(29) Letters, notes and answers. Br Med J 1930; 1(3612): 627-8.
(30) Vilardell F. Digestive endoscopy in the second millenium: from lichtleiter to echoendoscopy. Madrid: Aula Médica, 2006. Disponible en: http://books.google.com.uy/books?id= bu1l1yS156oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Digestive+ Endoscopy+in+the+second+millenium&hl=es&ei= iHAcTs6SLOLq0gGvpfTGBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct= result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Consulta: 3 diciembre 2009.
(31) Zucker KA. Surgical Laparoscopy. St Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, 1991.
(32) Verger-Kuhnke AB, Reuter MA, Beccaria ML. La biografía de Philipp Bozzini (1773-1809) un idealista de la endoscopia. Actas Urol Esp 2007; 31(5): 437-44.
(33) Peña MA. Una breve historia de la invención del espejillo laríngeo y del espejo frontal. Rev Otorrinolaringol Cir Cabeza Cuello 2008; 68(1): 91-4.
(34) Rizzi, M. Invención del espejillo laríngeo. An Otorrinolaringol Urug 1986; 52(1): 11-2.
(35) Willemot J. Naissance et dévelopement de l' otorhinolaryngologie dans l'histoire de la médicine. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 1981; 35(Suppl 3): 393-1044.
(36) Verger-Kuhnke AB, Beccaría ML. La biografía de Maximilian Nitze (1848-1906) y su contribución a la urología. Actas Urol Esp 2007; 31(7): 697-704.
(37) Hecht J. City of light: the story of fiber optics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
(38) Morgenstern L. Harold Hopkins (1818-1995): "Let there be light...". Surg Innov 2004; 11(4): 291-2.
(39) Hatzinger M, Kwon ST, Langbein S, Kamp S, Häcker A, Alken P. Hans Christian Jacobaeus: inventor of human laparoscopy and thoracoscopy. J Endourol 2006; 20(11): 848-50.
(40) Kehlet H. Surgical stress response: does endoscopic surgery confer an advantage? World J Surg 1999; 23(8): 801-7.
Published
2011-09-30
How to Cite
1.
Crestanello FA. La Illumination of the surgical field in general surgery. Rev. Méd. Urug. [Internet]. 2011Sep.30 [cited 2024Nov.25];27(3):175-86. Available from: http://www2.rmu.org.uy/ojsrmu311/index.php/rmu/article/view/386
Section
History of Medicine
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