Androgen insensivity syndrome in women
Keywords:
ANDROGENS, POSTMENOPAUSE
Abstract
Although androgens have important physiologic functions in women, the female androgen insufficiency syndrome is difficult to characterize and its management is controversial. Generally, androgens are considered as nocive factors to feminine health and beautifulness, even if they play an important role in the post-menopause such as to be the main substrate from which estrogens can be sinthetized. Considering diagnosis and treatment, the current limited knowledge regarding androgen role in women is a problem. The article aims at reviewing knowledge concerning changes due to androgens, age, farmacologic treatment, female androgen insufficiency and the bases of androgen replacement. The purpose is to maximize female androgen insufficiency diagnosis and treatment.
References
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5) Carlstrom K, Brody S, Lunell NO, Lagrelius G, Mollerstrom A, Pousette G, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and dehydroepiandrosterone in serum: differences related to age and sex. Maturitas 1988; 10(4): 297-306.
6) Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, Boschi F, Bernardi M, Pratelli L, et al. The relationship of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) to endocrine-metabolic parameters and functional status in the oldest-old. Results from an Italian study on healthy free-living over ninety-year-olds. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81(3): 1173-8.
7) Longcope C. Adrenal and gonadal androgen secretion in normal females. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 15(2): 213-27.
8) Vermeulen A, Verdonck L. Plasma androgen levels during the menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 125(4): 491-4.
9) Mushayandebvu T, Castracane DV, Gimpel T, Adel T, Santoro N. Evidence for diminished midcycle ovarian androgen production in older reproductive aged women. Fertil Steril 1996; 65(4): 721-3.
10) Vermeulen A. The hormonal activity of the postmenopausal ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976; 42(2): 247-53.
11) Lobo RA. Androgens in postmenopausal women: production, possible role, and replacement options. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2001; 56(6): 361-76.
12) Roger M, Nahoul K, Scholler R, Bagrel D. Evolution with ageing of four plasma androgens in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 1980; 2(3): 171-7.
13) Keller ET, Ershler W, Chang C. The androgen receptor: a mediator of diverse responses. Front Biosci 1996; 1: d59-71.
14) Maclean HE, Warne GL, Zajac JD. Localization of functional domains in the androgen receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997; 62(4): 233-42.
15) Moghissi E, Ablan F, Horton R. Origin of plasma androstanediol glucuronide in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984; 59(3): 417-21.
16) Zumoff B, Strain GW, Miller LK, Rosner W. Twenty-four hour mean plasma testosterone concentration declines with age in normal premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80(4): 1429-30.
17) Longcope C. Hormone dynamics at the menopause. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990; 592: 21-30. Discussion 44-51.
18) Judd HL, Judd GE, Lucas WE, Yen SSC. Endocrine function of the postmenopausal ovary: concentrations of androgens and estrogens in ovarian and peripheral vein blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1974; 39(6): 1020-4.
19) Labrie F, Belanger A, Cusan L, Gomez JL. Candas B. Marked decline in serum concentrations of adrenal C19 sex steroid precursors and conjugated androgen metabolites during aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82(8): 2396-02.
20) Simpson ER, Rubin G, Clyne C, Robertson K, O’Donnell, L, Jones M, et al. The role of local estrogen biosynthesis in males and females. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2000; 11(5): 184-8.
21) Longcope C. Metabolism clearance and blood production rates of estrogen in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1971; 111(6): 779-85.
22) Judd HL, Lucas WE, Yen SCS. Effect of oophorectomy on circulating testosterone and androstenedione levels in patients with endometrial cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1974; 118(6): 793-8.
23) Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E, Kritz-Silverstein D, Von-Muhlen D. Hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and endogenous sex hormone levels in older women: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85(2): 645-51.
24) Oldenhave A, Jaszmann LJB, Everaerd WTAM, Haspels AA. Hysterectomized women with ovarian conservation report more severe climacteric complaints than do normal climacteric women of similar age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168(3 Pt 1): 765-71.
25) Centerwall BS. Premenopausal hysterectomy and cardiovascular disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981; 139(1): 58-61.
26) Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Celentano DD, Reed ML. Prevalence of migraine headache in the United States. JAMA 1992; 267(1): 64-9.
27) Sherwin BB, Gelfand MM. The role of androgen in the maintenance of sexual functioning in oophorectomized women. Psychosom Med 1987; 49(4): 397-409.
28) Roos NP. Hysterectomies in one Canadian province: a new look at risks and benefits. Am J Public Health 1984; 74(1): 39-46.
29) Tazuke S, Shaw K-T, Barrett-Connor E. Exogenous estrogen and endogenous sex hormones. Medicine (Baltimore) 1992; 71(1): 44-51.
30) Simon JA, Klaiber E, Wiita B, Bowen A, Yang HM. Differential effects of estrogen-androgen and estrogen-only therapy on vasomotor symptoms, gonadotropin secretion, and endogenous androgen bioavailability in postmenopausal women. Menopause 1999; 6(2): 138-46.
31) Casson PR, Elkind-Hirsch KE, Buster JE, Hornsby PJ, Carson SA, Snabes MC. Effect of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on circulating androgens. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90(6): 995-8.
32) Shifren JL, Braunstein GD, Simon JA, Casson PR, Buster JE, Redmond GP, et al. Transdermal testosterone treatment in women with impaired sexual function after oophorectomy. N Engl J Med 2000; 343(10): 682-8.
33) Chetkowski RJ, Meldrum DR, Steingold KA, Randle D, Lu JK, Eggena P, et al. Biological effects of transdermal estradiol. N Engl J Med 1986; 314(25): 1615-20.
34) Masters WH, Johnson VE. Human sexual response. Boston: Little, Brown, 1966.
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Published
2005-10-31
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Cóppola F, Nader J, Aguirre R. Androgen insensivity syndrome in women. Rev. Méd. Urug. [Internet]. 2005Oct.31 [cited 2024Nov.15];21(3):174-85. Available from: http://www2.rmu.org.uy/ojsrmu311/index.php/rmu/article/view/801
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