Onychomycosis
Review
Keywords:
ONYCHOMYCOSIS
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a fingernails or toenails disease. Fungis committed are dermatophytes, yeast and nondermato-phyte mould. It is a frequent disease with impact at emotional, social, and economical levels.
The paper revised clinical and epidemiological features of onychomycosis and causing agents. An updated of diagnosis and treatment management is also included since primary clinical difficulties are seen at this level.
Finally the importance of mycological diagnosis and the roles of laboratories and specialists in the diagnostic determination are highlighted; treatment guidelines are listed.
References
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3) Rippon JW. Dermatofitosis y dermatomicosis. In:Rippon JW, ed. Tratado de Micología Médica, ed. México:Interamericana, 1990:186-298.
4) Gentles JC, Evans EG. Infection of the feet and nails with Hendersonula toruloidea. Sabouraudia 1970; 8:72-5.
5) Campbell CK, Mulder JL. Skin and nail infection by Scytalidium hyalinum. Sabouraudia 1977; 15(2):161-6.
6) Torres-Rodríguez JM. Actualización del diagnóstico micológico de las dermatomicosis. Rev Iberoam Micol 1986; 3(1):9-17.
7) Rubio-Calvo D, Rezusta-López A, Grasa-Jordan MP. Micopatología ungueal. Estudio micológico de las micosis y tiña unguium. Rev Iberoam Micol 1988; 5:90-9.
8) Gupta AK, Lambert J. Pharmaeconomic analysis of the new antifungal agents used to treat toenail onychomycosis in the USA. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38(2):53-64.
9) Joish VN, Armstrong EP. Newer drugs and overall costs of treating onychomycosis. Rev Iberoam Micol 2002; 19:130-2.
10) Lubeck DP. Measuring health-related quality of life in onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38(5):64-8.
11) Scher RK. Onychomycosis is more than a cosmetic problem. Br J Dermatol 1994; 130(43):15.
12) Sais G, Jucgla A, Peyri J. Prevalence of dermatophyte onychomycosis in Spain:a cross-septional study. Br J Dermatol 1995; 132:758-61.
13) Roberts DT. Prevalence of dermatophyte onychomycosis in the United Kingdom:Results of an omnibus survey. Br J Dermatol 1992; 126 (39):23-7.
14) Heikkila H, Stubb S. The prevalence of onychomycosis in Finland. Br J Dermatol 1995; 133:699-703.
15) Elewski BE, Charif MA. Prevalence of onychomycosis in patients attempting a dermatology clinic in northeastern Ohio for other conditions. Arch Dermatol 1997; 133:1772-3.
16) Gupta AK, Jain HC, Lynde CW, Watteel GN, Summerbell RC. Prevalence and epidemiology of unsuspected onychomycosis in patients visiting dermatologist offices in Ontario, Canada a multicenter survey of 2001 patients. Int J Dermatol 1997; 36:783-7.
17) Gupta AK, Sibbald G, Lynde CW. Onycomychosis in childrens:Prevalence and treatment strategies. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 36:395-402.
18) Gupta AK, Chang P, Del Rosso JQ. Onichomycosis in childrens:prevalence and management. Pediatr Dermatol 1998; 15:464-71.
19) Ploysangam T, Lucky AW. Childhood white superficial onychomycosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum:Report of seven cases and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 36:29-32.
20) Rosseew D. Achllies foot screening project:preliminary results of patients screening by dermatologists. J Eur Acad Dermatol 1999; 12:6-9.
21) Haneke E. Fungal infections of the nail. Semin Dermatol 1991; 10:41-53.
22) Williams HC. The epidemiology of onychomycosis in Britain. Br J Dermatol 1993; 129:101-9.
23) Perea S, Ramos MJ, Garau M, González A, Noriega A, Del Palacio A. Prevalence and risk factors of tinea unguium and tinea pedis in the general population in Spain. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38(9):3226-30.
24) Bonasse J, Asconegui F, Conti-Díaz I. Estado actual de las dermatofitosis en Uruguay. Rev Arg Micol 1982; 5(2):29-31.
25) Ballesté R, Gezuele E, Veiga R. Frecuencia de dermatofitosis en Montevideo. Congreso de la Federación Latinoamericana de Parasitología, 10. Libro de resúmenes. Montevideo:FLAP, 1991:89.
26) Cabrera R, Bonasse J, Fazzio S, Viola M, Sapriza M. Micosis superficiales. Revisión. Congreso de la Federación Latinoamericana de Parasitología, 10. Libro de resúmenes. Montevideo:FLAP, 1991:94.
27) Ballesté R, Fernández N, Mousqués N, Xavier B, Arteta Z, Mernes M, et al. Dermatofitosis en población asistida en el Instituto de Higiene. Rev Med Uruguay 2000; 16:232-42.
28) Conti-Díaz I. Estudio micológico de 85 casos de onicopatías. An Fac Med Montevideo 1964; 49(5-6):535-40.
29) Gentles JC, Evans EG. Foot infections in swimming baths. BMJ 1973; 3:260-2.
30) English MP, Gibson MD. Studies in the epidemiology of tinea pedis-I. Tinea pedis in school children. BMJ 1959; i:1442-6.
31) English MP, Wethered RR, Duncan EH. Studies in the epidemiology tinea pedis-VIII. Fungal infection in a long stay hospital. BMJ 1967; iii:136-9.
32) Cribier B, Leiva-Mena M, Rey D. Nail changes in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134:1216-20.
33) Daniel CR, Norton NA, Scher RK. The spectrum of nail disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 27:93-7.
34) Arrese JE, Pierard Franchimond C, Pierard GE. Fatal hyphomycosis following Fusarium onychomycosis in an immunocompromised patient. Am J Dermatopathol 1996; 18:196-8.
35) Hay RJ. Fungal skyn infectionts. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67:1065-7.
36) Summerbell RC. Epidemiology and ecology of onychomycosis. Dermatology 1997; 194(1):32-6.
37) Midgley G, Moore MK, Cook JC, Phan QG. Mycology of nail disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 31:68-74.
38) Nichols DSH, Midgley G. Onychomycosis caused by Trichophyton equinum. Clin Exp Dermatol 1989; 14:464-5.
39) Piraccini BM, Morelli R, Stinchi C, Tosti A. Proximal subungueal onychomycosis due to Microsporum canis. Br J Dermatol 1996; 134:175-7.
40) Mazon A, Salvo S, Vives R, Valcayo A, Sabalza MA. Etiologic and epidemiologic study of dermatomycoses in Navarra (Spain). Rev Iberoam Micol 1997; 14:65-8.
41) Elewski BE. Onychomycosis:pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998; 11(3):415-29.
42) Hazen K. New and emerging yeast pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8(4):462-78.
43) Weems. Candida parasilopsis. Epidemiology, patogenicity, clinical manifestations and antimicrobial suceptibility. Clin Inf Dis 1993; 14:756-66.
44) Crozier WJ. Two cases of onychomycosis due to Candida zeylanoides. Aust J Dermatol 1993; 35:311-3.
45) Gargeya IB, Pruitt WR, Meyer SA, Aherarm DG. Candida haemulonii from clinical specimens in USA. J Med Vet Mycol 1991; 29:335-8.
46) Daniel CR, Elewski BE. Candida as a nail pathogen in healty patients. J MSMA 1995; 36(11):379-81.
47) Gentili L, Bouchara JP, Cimon B, Chabasse D. Candida ciferrii:clinical and microbiological features of an emerging pathogen. Mycoses 1991; 34:125-8.
48) Hoog GS de, Guarro J, Gene J, Figueras MJ. Atlas of Clinical Fungi. 2a. ed. The Netherlands-Spain:CBS/Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 2000.
49) D'Antonio D, Romano F, Iacone A, Violante B, Fazii P, Pontieri E, et al. Onychomycosis caused by Blastoschizomyces capitatus. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37(9):2927-30.
50) Mackinnon JE, Artagaveytia-Allende RC. Aspectos actuales de las moniliasis. An Fac Med Montevideo 1956; 41:275-92.
51) Calegari L, Conti-Díaz I, Civila E. Onicolisis por levaduras. Estudio micológico. Congreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Microbiologia, 9. Libro de resúmenes. Sao Paulo:ALAM-SBM, 1983:213.
52) Ashbee RH, Evans EG. Inmunology of disease associated with Malassezia species. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15(1):21-57.
53) Civila E, Conti-Díaz I, Vignale R, Calegari L. Onixis por Malassezia (Pityrosporum) ovalis. Med Cut Ibero Lat Am 1982; 10:343-6.
54) Crozier WJ, Wise kA. Onychomycosis due to Pityrosporum. Austral J Dermatol 1993; 34:109-12.
55) Silva V, Moreno GA, Zaror L, De Oliveira E, Fischman O. Isolation of Malassezia furfur from patient with onychomycosis. J Med Vet Micol 1997; 35:73-4.
56) Escobar Ml, Carmona-Fonseca J, Santamaria L. Onicomicosis por Malassezia. Rev Iberoam Micol 1999; 16:225-9.
57) Ellis DH, Marley JE, Watson AB, Williams TG. Significance of non-dermatophyte moulds and yeast in onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 1994; 30(43):7-8.
58) Midgley G, Moore MK. Nail infections. Dermatol Clin 1996; 14:41-9.
59) Greer DL. Evolving role of nondermathophytes in onychomycosis. Int J Dermatol 1995; 34:521-4.
60) Oyeka CA, Gugnani HC. Keratin degradation by Scytalidium species and Fusarium solani. Mycoses 1997; 41:73-6.
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Published
2003-08-31
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Ballesté R, Mousqués N, Gezuele E. Onychomycosis. Rev. Méd. Urug. [Internet]. 2003Aug.31 [cited 2024Nov.17];19(2):93-106. Available from: http://www2.rmu.org.uy/ojsrmu311/index.php/rmu/article/view/938
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