Patrones dietarios y riesgo de cáncer de mama
Un análisis factorial de alimentos y nutrientes
Resumen
Introducción: la dieta es considerada un factor determinante en la carcinogénesis mamaria. Comparado con un análisis epidemiológico tradicional de alimentos y nutrientes aislados, el análisis factorial genera patrones de elementos asociados, útiles también para las comparaciones internacionales.
Objetivo: explorar los factores de riesgo dietarios en cáncer de mama (CM) mediante análisis factorial simultáneamente en alimentos y nutrientes.
Material y método: realizamos un estudio caso-control en donde 442 casos de CM y 442 controles fueron pareados por edad, residencia y estatus urbano/rural. Todas las pacientes presentaban un estatus socioeconómico bajo (bajo promedio de años de educación e ingresos). Los controles no presentaban afecciones relacionadas con tabaquismo o alcoholismo, ni habían modificado recientemente su dieta. Un análisis factorial (componentes principales) fue realizado entre controles para alimentos y nutrientes individuales sobre datos de un cuestionario alimentario de 64 ítems, ya utilizado en numerosos estudios caso-control previos.
Resultados: el análisis factorial hecho con alimentos retuvo los factores occidental, tradicional, frutas totales, prudente y carnes procesadas. Este análisis usando nutrientes retuvo los factores base animal, almidón/lácteos, base frutal y carotenoides. Mientras que el patrón occidental mostró un riesgo significativo aumentado de CM (OR = 2,15), el patrón prudente se asoció inversa y significativamente (OR = 0,67). En patrones de nutrientes el factor base animal se asoció directamente con CM, mientras que el factor carotenoides se asoció inversamente. Hubo diferencias de asociación según estatus menopáusico.
Conclusiones: el análisis factorial mostró el rol potencial de elementos dietarios a partir de alimentos y nutrientes, tanto de riesgo como protectores, en la etiología de CM.
Citas
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