Obesity (ENSO 2 - Encuesta Nacional de Sobrepeso y Obesidad adultos) 18- 65 years old or older
Keywords:
OBESITY, HEALTH SURVEYS, COMORBIDITY, HIPERTENSION, DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2, BODY MASS INDEX
Abstract
Introduction: obesity is a spreading epidemic that has high morbimortality rates for the general population and high cost for the national health system.
Objective: to evaluate prevalence of obesity, its co-morbilities and predisposing factors through the Second National Survey on Overweight and Obesity in Uruguay (ENSO 2) in people between 18 and 65 years, or older, carried out in 2006.
Methods: we conducted a transversal observational study over a representative group of the urban country, 91% of the total population. N= 900 (399 men and 501 women (women/man= 1.25). Subjects were interviewed, weighed and measured in their homes. We covered 10 out of the 19 territorial divisions in the country.
Results: in Uruguay, 54% of the adult population reaches or exceeds the 25 kg/m2 body mass index (BMI = body weight in kg / height in m2) and 20% = 30 kg /m2 BMI. One out of two Uruguayan adults is overweight or obese and one out of five is obese. We highlighted risk groups and opportunities for prevention. The study also examined the association between obesity and cardiometabolic diseases, which dramatically increase aligned with the BMI and the waist circumference, type 2 diabetes and stroke.
Conclusions: epidemic figures corresponding to obesity and its co-morbilities determine both high health risks for the general population, and high economic costs for our national health system.
References
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(26) Pisabarro R, Sanguinetti C, Stoll M, Prendez D. High incidence of type 2 diabetes in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 Pro12Ala carriers exposed to a high chronic intake of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(9):2251-2.
(27) Pisabarro R, Recalde A, Chaftare Y. High incidence of mother diabetic in uruguayan obese children. Diabetes Care 2001; 24(7): 1303.
(28) Flegal KM, Troiano RP, Pamuk ER, Kuczmarski RJ, Campbell SM. The influence of smoking cessation on the prevalence of overweight in the United States. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1165-70.
(29) Eckel R, Krauss R. American Heart Association call to action: obesity as a mayor risk factor for coronary heart disease. Circulation1998; 97: 2099-100.
(30) Kannel WB, Brand N, Skinner JJ, Dawber TR, McNamara PM. The relation of adiposity to blood pressure and development of hypertension.The Framingham study. Ann Intern Med. 1967; 67:48-59.
(31) Jones DW, Kim JS, Andrew ME, Kim SJ, Hong YP. Body mass index and blood pressure in Korean men and women: the Korean National Blood Pressure Survey. J Hypertens 1994; 12:1433-7.
(32) York DA, Rössner S, Caterson I, Chen CM, James WP, Kumanyika S, et al. Prevention conference VII: obesity, a worldwide epidemic related to heart disease and stroke: Group I: worldwide demographics of obesity. Circulation 2004; 110(18):463-70.
(33) Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998; 339(4):229-34.
(2) Popkin BM, Gordon-Larsen P. The nutrition transition: worldwide obesity dynamics and their determinants. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28 Suppl 3:S2-9.
(3) Prentice AM, Rayco-Solon P, Moore SE. Insights from the developing word: thrifty genotypes and thrifty phenotypes. Proc Nutr Soc 2005, 64: 153-61.
(4) Jia WP, Xiang KS, Chen L, Lu JX, Wu YM. Epidemiological study on obesity and its comorbidities in urban Chinese older than 20 years age in Shanghai, China. Obes Rev 2002; 3:157-65.
(5) Martínez JA, Moreno B, Martínez-González MA. Prevalence of obesity in Spain. Obes Rev 2004; 5: 171-2.
(6) Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL. Overweight and obesity in the United Sates prevalence and trends, 1960-1994. Int J Obes 1998; 22:39-47.
(7) Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA 2002; 288(14):1723-7.
(8) Popkin BM, Horton S, Kim S, Mahal A, Shuigao J. Trends in diet, nutritional status, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases in China and India: the economic costs of the nutrition transition. Nutr Rev 2001; 59(12): 379-90.
(9) Calle EE,Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW. Body mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1097-105.
(10) Uauy R, Albala C, Kain J. Obesity trends in Latin America: transiting from under-to overweight. J Nutr 2001; 131:893S-9S.
(11) Braguinsky J. Obesity prevalence in Latin America. An Sis San Navarra 2002; 25:109-15.
(12) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285:2486-97.
(13) International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic síndrome. Disponible en: http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF_Meta_def_final.pdf. [Consulta: 4 octubre 2005].
(14) Pisabarro R, Irrazábal E, Recalde A. Primera encuesta nacional de sobrepeso y obesidad (ENSO 1). Rev Méd Urug 2000; 16:31-8.
(15) Pellegrino A, González, S. Atlas demográfico del Uruguay. Montevideo: Fin de Siglo, 1995:1-37.
(16) Cochran WG. Técnicas de muestreo. México: Continental, 1996.
(17) Uruguay. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. VII Censo General de Población III de Hogares y de Viviendas (1996). Obtenido de: http://www.ine.gub.uy/censo96/cencap1.htm.(Consulta: febr 1999).
(18) 18. International Union of Nutritional Sciences. The Global Challenge of Obesity and the International Obesity Task Force. Table1: WHO standard classification of obesity. Disponible en: http://www.iuns.org/features/obesity/tabfig.htm. [Consulta: 5 octubre 2005]
(19) Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell WL, Macera CA, Bouchard C, et al. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 1995; 273: 402-7.
(20) Johansson G, Wikman A, Ahrén AM, Hallmans G, Johansson I. Underreporting of energy intake in repeated 24-hour recalls related to gender, age, weight status, day of interview, educational level, reported food intake, smoking habits and area of living. Public Health Nutr. 2001; 4(4):919-27.
(21) Robert J. Can self-reported data accurately describe de prevalence of overweight? Public Health 1995; 109: 275-84.
(22) Pellegrino A, Vigorito A. Emigration and economic crisis: recent evidence from Uruguay. Migraciones Intern 2005; 3: (1): 57-81. Disponibe en: http://www.colef.mx/migracione-sinternacionales/Volumenes/Vol3_No1/Pellegrino_Vigorito/economic_uruguay.htm. [Consulta: 16 noviembre 2005].
(23) Lovejoy J. The menopause and obesity. Prim Care Clin Office Pract 2003; 30:317-25.
(24) Drewnowski A, Specter SE. Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79(1):6-16.
(25) James PW, Nelson M, Ralph A, Leather S. Socio-economic determinants of health: The contribution of nutrition to inequalities in health. BMJ 1997; 314:1545-9.
(26) Pisabarro R, Sanguinetti C, Stoll M, Prendez D. High incidence of type 2 diabetes in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 Pro12Ala carriers exposed to a high chronic intake of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(9):2251-2.
(27) Pisabarro R, Recalde A, Chaftare Y. High incidence of mother diabetic in uruguayan obese children. Diabetes Care 2001; 24(7): 1303.
(28) Flegal KM, Troiano RP, Pamuk ER, Kuczmarski RJ, Campbell SM. The influence of smoking cessation on the prevalence of overweight in the United States. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1165-70.
(29) Eckel R, Krauss R. American Heart Association call to action: obesity as a mayor risk factor for coronary heart disease. Circulation1998; 97: 2099-100.
(30) Kannel WB, Brand N, Skinner JJ, Dawber TR, McNamara PM. The relation of adiposity to blood pressure and development of hypertension.The Framingham study. Ann Intern Med. 1967; 67:48-59.
(31) Jones DW, Kim JS, Andrew ME, Kim SJ, Hong YP. Body mass index and blood pressure in Korean men and women: the Korean National Blood Pressure Survey. J Hypertens 1994; 12:1433-7.
(32) York DA, Rössner S, Caterson I, Chen CM, James WP, Kumanyika S, et al. Prevention conference VII: obesity, a worldwide epidemic related to heart disease and stroke: Group I: worldwide demographics of obesity. Circulation 2004; 110(18):463-70.
(33) Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998; 339(4):229-34.
Published
2009-03-31
How to Cite
1.
Pisabarro R, Gutiérrez M, Bermúdez C, Prendez D, Recalde A, Chaftare Y, Manfredi A. Obesity (ENSO 2 - Encuesta Nacional de Sobrepeso y Obesidad adultos) 18- 65 years old or older. Rev. Méd. Urug. [Internet]. 2009Mar.31 [cited 2024Nov.17];25(1):14-6. Available from: http://www2.rmu.org.uy/ojsrmu311/index.php/rmu/article/view/475
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