Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Sobrepeso y Obesidad (ENSO 2) adultos (18-65 años o más)
Palabras clave:
OBESIDAD, ENCUESTAS EPIDEMIOLÓGICAS, COMORBILIDAD, HIPERTENSIÓN, DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2, ÍNDICE DE MASA CORPORAL
Resumen
Introducción: la obesidad es una epidemia en expansión que determina una alta morbimortalidad para la población general y altos costos para el sistema nacional de salud.
Objetivos: evaluar la prevalencia de obesidad, sus comorbilidades y factores predispontenes mediante la Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Sobrepeso y Obesidad en Uruguay (ENSO 2) en individuos entre 18 y 65 años o más, realizada en el año 2006.
Material y método: estudio observacional de tipo transversal. Muestra representativa del país urbano, 91% de la población total. N = 900 (399 hombres y 501 mujeres (mujer/hombre = 1,25). Las entrevistas, el pesado y tallado, fueron realizados en la casa del encuestado. Se trabajó en diez de los 19 departamentos del país.
Resultados: en Uruguay, 54% de la población adulta alcanza o excede (>) el índice de masa corporal de 25 kg/m2 (IMC = peso corporal en kg / talla en m2) y 20% el IMC > 30 kg/m2.
Uno de cada dos adultos uruguayos padece sobrepeso u obesidad y uno de cinco es obeso.
Se señalan grupos de riesgo y oportunidades en prevención. También se analiza la relación de la obesidad con las enfermedades cardiometabólicas, que aumentan dramáticamente en línea con el IMC y la medida de la cintura, como la hipertensión arterial, la cardiopatía isquémica, la diabetes 2 y el Stroke.
Conclusiones: estas cifras epidémicas de obesidad y sus comorbilidades determinan un alto riesgo sanitario para la población general y económico para nuestro sistema nacional de salud.
Citas
(1) World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation on obesity. Geneva: WHO, 1998.
(2) Popkin BM, Gordon-Larsen P. The nutrition transition: worldwide obesity dynamics and their determinants. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28 Suppl 3:S2-9.
(3) Prentice AM, Rayco-Solon P, Moore SE. Insights from the developing word: thrifty genotypes and thrifty phenotypes. Proc Nutr Soc 2005, 64: 153-61.
(4) Jia WP, Xiang KS, Chen L, Lu JX, Wu YM. Epidemiological study on obesity and its comorbidities in urban Chinese older than 20 years age in Shanghai, China. Obes Rev 2002; 3:157-65.
(5) Martínez JA, Moreno B, Martínez-González MA. Prevalence of obesity in Spain. Obes Rev 2004; 5: 171-2.
(6) Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL. Overweight and obesity in the United Sates prevalence and trends, 1960-1994. Int J Obes 1998; 22:39-47.
(7) Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA 2002; 288(14):1723-7.
(8) Popkin BM, Horton S, Kim S, Mahal A, Shuigao J. Trends in diet, nutritional status, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases in China and India: the economic costs of the nutrition transition. Nutr Rev 2001; 59(12): 379-90.
(9) Calle EE,Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW. Body mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1097-105.
(10) Uauy R, Albala C, Kain J. Obesity trends in Latin America: transiting from under-to overweight. J Nutr 2001; 131:893S-9S.
(11) Braguinsky J. Obesity prevalence in Latin America. An Sis San Navarra 2002; 25:109-15.
(12) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285:2486-97.
(13) International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic síndrome. Disponible en: http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF_Meta_def_final.pdf. [Consulta: 4 octubre 2005].
(14) Pisabarro R, Irrazábal E, Recalde A. Primera encuesta nacional de sobrepeso y obesidad (ENSO 1). Rev Méd Urug 2000; 16:31-8.
(15) Pellegrino A, González, S. Atlas demográfico del Uruguay. Montevideo: Fin de Siglo, 1995:1-37.
(16) Cochran WG. Técnicas de muestreo. México: Continental, 1996.
(17) Uruguay. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. VII Censo General de Población III de Hogares y de Viviendas (1996). Obtenido de: http://www.ine.gub.uy/censo96/cencap1.htm.(Consulta: febr 1999).
(18) 18. International Union of Nutritional Sciences. The Global Challenge of Obesity and the International Obesity Task Force. Table1: WHO standard classification of obesity. Disponible en: http://www.iuns.org/features/obesity/tabfig.htm. [Consulta: 5 octubre 2005]
(19) Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell WL, Macera CA, Bouchard C, et al. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 1995; 273: 402-7.
(20) Johansson G, Wikman A, Ahrén AM, Hallmans G, Johansson I. Underreporting of energy intake in repeated 24-hour recalls related to gender, age, weight status, day of interview, educational level, reported food intake, smoking habits and area of living. Public Health Nutr. 2001; 4(4):919-27.
(21) Robert J. Can self-reported data accurately describe de prevalence of overweight? Public Health 1995; 109: 275-84.
(22) Pellegrino A, Vigorito A. Emigration and economic crisis: recent evidence from Uruguay. Migraciones Intern 2005; 3: (1): 57-81. Disponibe en: http://www.colef.mx/migracione-sinternacionales/Volumenes/Vol3_No1/Pellegrino_Vigorito/economic_uruguay.htm. [Consulta: 16 noviembre 2005].
(23) Lovejoy J. The menopause and obesity. Prim Care Clin Office Pract 2003; 30:317-25.
(24) Drewnowski A, Specter SE. Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79(1):6-16.
(25) James PW, Nelson M, Ralph A, Leather S. Socio-economic determinants of health: The contribution of nutrition to inequalities in health. BMJ 1997; 314:1545-9.
(26) Pisabarro R, Sanguinetti C, Stoll M, Prendez D. High incidence of type 2 diabetes in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 Pro12Ala carriers exposed to a high chronic intake of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(9):2251-2.
(27) Pisabarro R, Recalde A, Chaftare Y. High incidence of mother diabetic in uruguayan obese children. Diabetes Care 2001; 24(7): 1303.
(28) Flegal KM, Troiano RP, Pamuk ER, Kuczmarski RJ, Campbell SM. The influence of smoking cessation on the prevalence of overweight in the United States. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1165-70.
(29) Eckel R, Krauss R. American Heart Association call to action: obesity as a mayor risk factor for coronary heart disease. Circulation1998; 97: 2099-100.
(30) Kannel WB, Brand N, Skinner JJ, Dawber TR, McNamara PM. The relation of adiposity to blood pressure and development of hypertension.The Framingham study. Ann Intern Med. 1967; 67:48-59.
(31) Jones DW, Kim JS, Andrew ME, Kim SJ, Hong YP. Body mass index and blood pressure in Korean men and women: the Korean National Blood Pressure Survey. J Hypertens 1994; 12:1433-7.
(32) York DA, Rössner S, Caterson I, Chen CM, James WP, Kumanyika S, et al. Prevention conference VII: obesity, a worldwide epidemic related to heart disease and stroke: Group I: worldwide demographics of obesity. Circulation 2004; 110(18):463-70.
(33) Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998; 339(4):229-34.
(2) Popkin BM, Gordon-Larsen P. The nutrition transition: worldwide obesity dynamics and their determinants. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28 Suppl 3:S2-9.
(3) Prentice AM, Rayco-Solon P, Moore SE. Insights from the developing word: thrifty genotypes and thrifty phenotypes. Proc Nutr Soc 2005, 64: 153-61.
(4) Jia WP, Xiang KS, Chen L, Lu JX, Wu YM. Epidemiological study on obesity and its comorbidities in urban Chinese older than 20 years age in Shanghai, China. Obes Rev 2002; 3:157-65.
(5) Martínez JA, Moreno B, Martínez-González MA. Prevalence of obesity in Spain. Obes Rev 2004; 5: 171-2.
(6) Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL. Overweight and obesity in the United Sates prevalence and trends, 1960-1994. Int J Obes 1998; 22:39-47.
(7) Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA 2002; 288(14):1723-7.
(8) Popkin BM, Horton S, Kim S, Mahal A, Shuigao J. Trends in diet, nutritional status, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases in China and India: the economic costs of the nutrition transition. Nutr Rev 2001; 59(12): 379-90.
(9) Calle EE,Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW. Body mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1097-105.
(10) Uauy R, Albala C, Kain J. Obesity trends in Latin America: transiting from under-to overweight. J Nutr 2001; 131:893S-9S.
(11) Braguinsky J. Obesity prevalence in Latin America. An Sis San Navarra 2002; 25:109-15.
(12) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285:2486-97.
(13) International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic síndrome. Disponible en: http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF_Meta_def_final.pdf. [Consulta: 4 octubre 2005].
(14) Pisabarro R, Irrazábal E, Recalde A. Primera encuesta nacional de sobrepeso y obesidad (ENSO 1). Rev Méd Urug 2000; 16:31-8.
(15) Pellegrino A, González, S. Atlas demográfico del Uruguay. Montevideo: Fin de Siglo, 1995:1-37.
(16) Cochran WG. Técnicas de muestreo. México: Continental, 1996.
(17) Uruguay. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. VII Censo General de Población III de Hogares y de Viviendas (1996). Obtenido de: http://www.ine.gub.uy/censo96/cencap1.htm.(Consulta: febr 1999).
(18) 18. International Union of Nutritional Sciences. The Global Challenge of Obesity and the International Obesity Task Force. Table1: WHO standard classification of obesity. Disponible en: http://www.iuns.org/features/obesity/tabfig.htm. [Consulta: 5 octubre 2005]
(19) Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell WL, Macera CA, Bouchard C, et al. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 1995; 273: 402-7.
(20) Johansson G, Wikman A, Ahrén AM, Hallmans G, Johansson I. Underreporting of energy intake in repeated 24-hour recalls related to gender, age, weight status, day of interview, educational level, reported food intake, smoking habits and area of living. Public Health Nutr. 2001; 4(4):919-27.
(21) Robert J. Can self-reported data accurately describe de prevalence of overweight? Public Health 1995; 109: 275-84.
(22) Pellegrino A, Vigorito A. Emigration and economic crisis: recent evidence from Uruguay. Migraciones Intern 2005; 3: (1): 57-81. Disponibe en: http://www.colef.mx/migracione-sinternacionales/Volumenes/Vol3_No1/Pellegrino_Vigorito/economic_uruguay.htm. [Consulta: 16 noviembre 2005].
(23) Lovejoy J. The menopause and obesity. Prim Care Clin Office Pract 2003; 30:317-25.
(24) Drewnowski A, Specter SE. Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79(1):6-16.
(25) James PW, Nelson M, Ralph A, Leather S. Socio-economic determinants of health: The contribution of nutrition to inequalities in health. BMJ 1997; 314:1545-9.
(26) Pisabarro R, Sanguinetti C, Stoll M, Prendez D. High incidence of type 2 diabetes in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 Pro12Ala carriers exposed to a high chronic intake of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(9):2251-2.
(27) Pisabarro R, Recalde A, Chaftare Y. High incidence of mother diabetic in uruguayan obese children. Diabetes Care 2001; 24(7): 1303.
(28) Flegal KM, Troiano RP, Pamuk ER, Kuczmarski RJ, Campbell SM. The influence of smoking cessation on the prevalence of overweight in the United States. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1165-70.
(29) Eckel R, Krauss R. American Heart Association call to action: obesity as a mayor risk factor for coronary heart disease. Circulation1998; 97: 2099-100.
(30) Kannel WB, Brand N, Skinner JJ, Dawber TR, McNamara PM. The relation of adiposity to blood pressure and development of hypertension.The Framingham study. Ann Intern Med. 1967; 67:48-59.
(31) Jones DW, Kim JS, Andrew ME, Kim SJ, Hong YP. Body mass index and blood pressure in Korean men and women: the Korean National Blood Pressure Survey. J Hypertens 1994; 12:1433-7.
(32) York DA, Rössner S, Caterson I, Chen CM, James WP, Kumanyika S, et al. Prevention conference VII: obesity, a worldwide epidemic related to heart disease and stroke: Group I: worldwide demographics of obesity. Circulation 2004; 110(18):463-70.
(33) Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998; 339(4):229-34.
Publicado
2009-03-31
Cómo citar
1.
Pisabarro R, Gutiérrez M, Bermúdez C, Prendez D, Recalde A, Chaftare Y, Manfredi A. Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Sobrepeso y Obesidad (ENSO 2) adultos (18-65 años o más). Rev. Méd. Urug. [Internet]. 31 de marzo de 2009 [citado 17 de noviembre de 2024];25(1):14-6. Disponible en: http://www2.rmu.org.uy/ojsrmu311/index.php/rmu/article/view/475
Sección
Artículos originales
